FLOOD PLAIN MODELING1

Computer simulation of river basin hydrology has rapidly progressed from an interesting academic exercise to a practical engineering procedure of increasing utility. Mathematical models of the many interrelated processes which occur in a basin have been developed along with efficient numerical procedures for their solution. The present paper is concerned with a particular model which has been used to describe the transformation of a temporally and spatially varying rainfall into a time history of stage and discharge on a flood plain. Although developed principally as a model of the physical processes involved, it is envisioned that the model can serve as one component of an information system for flood plain planning and management. The model consists of the following elements: (i) a rainfall simulation which generates stochastic inputs to the model according to specified rainfall statistics, (ii) a catchment-runoff model which converts the rainfall to surface runoff, (iii) a flood stage model which converts the surface runoff to time histories of flood stage and discharge. The model has been used to investigate the effect of various structural flood control measures in a basin and, in particular, to establish frequency-stage information for each of these. Of particular interest in development of the model have been recurring and partially unanswered questions relative to the proper balance among availability of data for use in the model, data requirements of the model and the objectives of the outputs produced by the model.     

DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN STORM HYETOGRAPHS FOR CINCINNATI,OHIO1

ABSTRACT A synthetic storm rainfall hyetograph for a one-year design frequency is derived from the one-year intensity-duration curve developed for Cincinnati, Ohio. Detailed rainfall data for a three-year period were collected from three raingages triangulating the Bloody Run Sewer Watershed, an urban drainage areas of 2380 acres'in Cincinnati, Ohio. The advancement of the synthetic storm pattern is obtained from an analysis of the antecedent precipitation immediately preceding the maximum period of three selected durations. Rains which produced excessive runoff at least for some duration were considered only. The same approach can be used for other design frequencies. The purpose of this study is to provide synthetic storm hyetographs to be used as input in deterministic mathematical models simulating urban storm water runoff for the design, analysis and possible surcharge prediction of sewer systems.     

REFORESTATION WITH CONIFERS - ITS EFFECT ON STREAMFLOW IN CENTRAL NEW YORK1

During the early 1930's, more than 340,000 acres of abandoned farmland in New York State were purchased by the State Conservation Department for the planting, growing, and harvesting of trees. Since then, this land has developed from a heavy cover of weeds and brush into dense coniferous woodlands with trees averaging well over 30 feet high. Hydrologic data have been collected since 1932 in Central New York to determine the effect of the reforestation on streamflow. Data are available for three small partly reforested areas and for one non-reforested control area. Intensive statistical analyses of the data from the four study areas were made in 1958. It was determined at that time that significant reductions in total runoff had occurred which were attributed to increases in interception and transpiration. Reductions in peak discharges during the dormant season also were indicated which were attributed to increased interception and sublimation of snowfall, and gradual desynchronization of snowmelt runoff from the wooded and open areas of partly reforested watersheds. Updating of the studies relating to peak discharges was completed in 1967 and indicated that no further changes in relative peaks had taken place since 1958. From this it is concluded that the influence exerted by the forest had become maximum by 1958 and has remained stable since then.     

A COMPARISON OF SURFACE RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM LOW- AND HIGH-SEVERITY SITE PREPARATION BURNS1

ABSTRACI:. Slash burning is a common site preparation technique used after timber harvest throughout the Southeastern United States. Little quantitative information exists on the hydrologic response to burn severity. This study compared the effects of low-severity and high-severity burns on runoff and sediment yields during rainfall simulation and during natural rainfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Fire severity was largely determined by moisture conditions of the forest floor prior to ignition. Runoff and sediment yield variability was high between plots within the same treatment area due to differences in forest floor characteristics and infiltration rates. Conditions of high-severity resulted when burning was conducted with relatively dry fuels. Sediment yields were 40-times greater for the high-severity treatment areas than the low-severity treatment areas.     

西安市城市主干道路面径流污染特征研究

在西安市城市主干道南二环路建立路面径流原位采样站,利用自制流量等比例采样装置,全程收集2009年3月~2010年2月的32场降雨产生的路面径流,测试径流SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、溶解性Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的事件平均浓度(EMC),研究路面径流污染强度、污染物赋存状态、相关关系、浓度影响因素以及季节变化规律.结果表明,城市主干道路面径流污染物EMC变异大且污染严重,SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、Zn、溶解性Zn的EMC中值分别为1543,574,129,1.86,0.042,0.219,0.111mg/L,变异系数0.41~0.8,其中SS、COD的EMC中值远大于《污水综合排放标准》三级标准,是主要污染物.路面径流中Pb主要以颗粒态存在,而47.4%的Zn、25.1%的COD呈溶解态.径流中颗粒物是许多其他污染物的载体,COD、Pb、Zn均与SS在显著性水平0.01时显著相关,相关系数分别为0.845,0.807和0.903.表征降雨特征的各因子中,降雨量、最大降雨强度与污染物浓度呈负相关,降雨历时与除NH3-N之外的其他污染物呈负相关,相关性依次为降雨量>最大降雨强度>降雨历时,前期晴天时间与溶解性Zn和溶解性COD浓度正相关,但与其它污染指标不相关.方差分析结果表明,SS、COD和NH3-N浓度随季节明显变化,而溶解态COD、重金属Pb、Zn和溶解态Zn的浓度季节差异不大.     

An investigation of roof runoff during rain events at the Royal Military College of Canada and potential discharge to Lake Ontario

The Royal Military College of Canada, located on the north eastern shore of Lake Ontario, possesses an abundance of copper roofs and lacks surface water treatment prior to discharge into Lake Ontario. Rainwater, roof runoff and soil samples were collected and analyzed for copper and other parameters. Copper was consistently detected in runoff samples with average concentrations of 3200 2100 g/L. Multivariable linear regression analysis for a dependant copper runoff concentration yielded an adjusted R2 value of 0.611, based on an independent variable model using minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, and wind speed. Lake water samples taken in the vicinity of storm water outfalls draining areas with copper roofs ranged from 2.0 to 40 g/L copper. Such data exceed the 2.0 g/L Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life as outlined by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Analysis of raw, filtered and digested forms suggested that the majority of copper present in runoff and lake water samples was in a dissolved form. The majority of soils taken in this study displayed copper concentrations below the 63 g/g CCME residential/parkland land use limits. These findings suggested that ion exchange processes between runoff water and soil do not occur to a sufficient extent to elevate copper levels in soil. It may therefore be concluded that the eventual fate of copper, which is not discharged via storm water outfalls, is lost to the water table and Lake Ontario through the sub-soil.     

城市降雨径流多环芳烃污染研究的进展与展望

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类具有致癌毒性的持久性有机污染物。降雨径流是城市地区PAHs迁移的主要途径和流域水体PAHs污染的主要来源之一。城市降雨径流PAHs污染给水生态和人体健康带来显著的环境风险,具有重要的研究意义。本文着眼于污染过程机理、定量模拟方法和污染防治措施这三个主要方面,系统总结了国内外此领域最新的研究进展。文章还针对当前理论研究和指导实践方面的不足,提出对未来此领域研究的展望。     

城市生态恢复规划的国外优秀案例借鉴

通过美国金郡的湿地恢复经验、普吉特海湾的雨水管理系统以及加拿大汤姆逊公园废弃地恢复规划案例借鉴国外城市生态恢复规划的重点环境生态策略、措施与后续维护方法、管理等,以国外经验启示我国生态恢复工作中应关注的重点。     

毛竹林地磷素流失特征研究

通过在四岭水库流域代表性毛竹林地设置定位径流小区,研究不同施肥条件下毛竹林地磷素流失状况.该定位试验设有对照(CK,不施肥),农民常规高产栽培(FFP)与适地养分科学管理(SSNM)3个处理.结果表明,在2009年6月～2010年2月这9个月的监测期内,各次自然降雨条件下毛竹林地表径流中总磷(TP)平均浓度为0.59 ...     

上海市文教区屋面径流水质特性研究

在对2003～2006 年上海市文教区屋面径流进行监测的基础上,分析了屋面径流污染物的出流过程,并应用统计分析方法对屋面径流水质及其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,屋面径流污染物EMC的对数正态概率分布均呈现出良好的线性分布,说明污染物EMC具有较好的正态分布性;上海市文教区屋面径流污染物COD、SS、BOD5、NH4 -N、TP和TN的EMC中值浓度分别为42.6、76.9、15.2、1.61、0.14和4.8 mg/L;通过聚类分析可知,屋面径流水质整体上受大气沉降等污染物累积效应的影响最大,而受雨水冲刷作用的影响次之.